What’s New in Swift 4?
2017 - 06 - 09
Note: This tutorial uses the Swift 4 version bundled into Xcode 9 beta 1.
Swift 4 is the latest major release from Apple scheduled to be out of beta in the fall of 2017. Its main focus is to provide source compatibility with Swift 3 code as well as working towards ABI stability.
This article highlights changes to Swift that will most significantly impact your code. And with that, let’s get started!
Getting Started
Swift 4 is included in Xcode 9. You can download the latest version of Xcode 9 from Apple’s developer portal (you must have an active developer account). Each Xcode beta will bundle the latest Swift 4 snapshot at the time of release.
As you’re reading, you’ll notice links in the format of [SE-xxxx]. These links will take you to the relevant Swift Evolution proposal. If you’d like to learn more about any topic, make sure to check them out.
I recommend trying each Swift 4 feature or update in a playground. This will help cement the knowledge in your head and give you the ability to dive deeper into each topic. Play around with the examples by trying to expand/break them. Have fun with it!
Note: This article will be updated for each Xcode beta. If you use a different Swift snapshot, the code here is not guaranteed to work.
Migrating to Swift 4
The migration from Swift 3 to 4 will be much less cumbersome than from 2.2 to 3. In general, most changes are additive and shouldn’t need a ton of personal touch. Because of this, the Swift migration tool will handle the majority of changes for you.
Xcode 9 simultaneously supports both Swift 4 as well as an intermediate version of Swift 3 in Swift 3.2. Each target in your project can be either Swift 3.2 or Swift 4 which lets you migrate piece by piece if you need to. Converting to Swift 3.2 isn’t entirely free, however – you may need to update parts of your code to be compatible with new SDKs, and because Swift is not yet ABI stable you will need to recompile your dependencies with Xcode 9.
When you’re ready to migrate to Swift 4, Xcode once again provides a migration tool to help you out. In Xcode, you can navigate to Edit/Convert/To Current Swift Syntax… to launch the conversion tool.
After selecting which targets you want to convert, Xcode will prompt you for a preference on Objective-C inferencing. Select the recommended option to reduce your binary size by limiting inferencing (for more on this topic, check out the Limiting @objc Inference below)
To better understand what changes to expect in your code, we’ll first cover API changes in Swift 4.
API Changes
Before jumping right into additions introduced in Swift 4, let’s first take a look at what changes/improvements it makes to existing APIs.
Strings
String is receiving a lot of well deserved love in Swift 4. This proposal contains many changes, so let’s break down the biggest. [SE-0163]:
In case you were feeling nostalgic, strings are once again collections like they were pre Swift 2.0. This change removes the need for a characters array on String. You can now iterate directly over a Stringobject:
let galaxy = "Milky Way 🐮"
for char in galaxy {
print(char)
}
Not only do you get logical iteration through String, you also get all the bells and whistles from Sequenceand Collection:
galaxy.count // 11
galaxy.isEmpty // false
galaxy.dropFirst() // "ilky Way 🐮"
String(galaxy.reversed()) // "🐮 yaW ykliM"
// Filter out any none ASCII characters
galaxy.filter { char in
let isASCII = char.unicodeScalars.reduce(true, { $0 && $1.isASCII })
return isASCII
} // "Milky Way "
The ASCII example above demonstrates a small improvement to Character. You can now access the UnicodeScalarView directly from Character. Previously, you needed to instantiate a new String [SE-0178].
Another addition is StringProtocol. It declares most of the functionality previously declared on String. The reason for this change is to improve how slices work. Swift 4 adds the Substring type for referencing a subsequence on String.
Both String and Substring implement StringProtocol giving them almost identical functionality:
// Grab a subsequence of String
let endIndex = galaxy.index(galaxy.startIndex, offsetBy: 3)
var milkSubstring = galaxy[galaxy.startIndex...endIndex] // "Milk"
type(of: milkSubstring) // Substring.Type
// Concatenate a String onto a Substring
milkSubstring += 🍼 // "Milk🍼"
// Create a String from a Substring
let milkString = String(milkSubstring) // "Milk🍼
Another great improvement is how String interprets grapheme clusters. This resolution comes from the adaptation of Unicode 9. Previously, unicode characters made up of multiple code points resulted in a count greater than 1. A common situation where this happens is an emoji with a selected skin-tone. Here are a few examples showing the before and after behavior:
"👩".count // Now: 1, Before: 2
"👍🏽".count // Now: 1, Before: 2
"👨❤️💋👨".count // Now: 1, Before, 4
This is only a subset of the changes mentioned in the String Manifesto. You can read all about the original motivations and proposed solutions you’d expect to see in the future.
Dictionary and Set
As far as Collection types go, Set and Dictionary aren’t always the most intuitive. Lucky for us, the Swift team gave them some much needed love with [SE-0165].
Sequence Based Initialization
First on the list is the ability to create a dictionary from a sequence of key-value pairs (tuple):
let nearestStarNames = ["Proxima Centauri", "Alpha Centauri A", "Alpha Centauri B", "Barnard's Star", "Wolf 359"]
let nearestStarDistances = [4.24, 4.37, 4.37, 5.96, 7.78]
// Dictionary from sequence of keys-values
let starDistanceDict = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: zip(nearestStarNames, nearestStarDistances))
// ["Wolf 359": 7.78, "Alpha Centauri B": 4.37, "Proxima Centauri": 4.24, "Alpha Centauri A": 4.37, "Barnard's Star": 5.96]
Duplicate Key Resolution
You can now handle initializing a dictionary with duplicate keys any way you’d like. This helps avoid overwriting key-value pairs without any say in the matter:
// Random vote of people's favorite stars
let favoriteStarVotes = ["Alpha Centauri A", "Wolf 359", "Alpha Centauri A", "Barnard's Star"]
// Merging keys with closure for conflicts
let mergedKeysAndValues = Dictionary(zip(favoriteStarVotes, repeatElement(1, count: favoriteStarVotes.count)), uniquingKeysWith: +) // ["Barnard's Star": 1, "Alpha Centauri A": 2, "Wolf 359": 1]
The code above uses zip along with the shorthand + to resolve duplicate keys by adding the two conflicting values.
Note: If you are not familiar with zip, you can quickly learn about it in Apple’s Swift Documentation
Filtering
Both Dictionary and Set now have the ability to filter results into a new object of the original type:
// Filtering results into dictionary rather than array of tuples
let closeStars = starDistanceDict.filter { $0.value "Proxima Centauri": 4.24, "Alpha Centauri A": 4.37, "Alpha Centauri B": 4.37]
*Dictionary Mapping*
`Dictionary` gained a very useful method for directly mapping its values:
// Mapping values directly resulting in a dictionary
let mappedCloseStars = closeStars.mapValues { "\($0)" }
mappedCloseStars // ["Proxima Centauri": "4.24", "Alpha Centauri A": "4.37", "Alpha Centauri B": "4.37"]
Dictionary Default Values
A common practice when accessing a value on Dictionary is to use the nil coalescing operator to give a default value in case the value is nil. In Swift 4, this becomes much cleaner and allows you to do some awesome in line mutation:
// Subscript with a default value
let siriusDistance = mappedCloseStars["Wolf 359", default: "unknown"] // "unknown"
// Subscript with a default value used for mutating
var starWordsCount: [String: Int] = [:]
for starName in nearestStarNames {
let numWords = starName.split(separator: " ").count
starWordsCount[starName, default: 0] += numWords // Amazing
}
starWordsCount // ["Wolf 359": 2, "Alpha Centauri B": 3, "Proxima Centauri": 2, "Alpha Centauri A": 3, "Barnard's Star": 2]
Previously this type of mutation would need wrapping in a bloated if-let statement. In Swift 4 it’s possible all in a single line!
Dictionary Grouping
Another amazingly useful addition is the ability to initialize a Dictionary from a Sequence and to group them into buckets:
// Grouping sequences by computed key
let starsByFirstLetter = Dictionary(grouping: nearestStarNames) { $0.first! }
// ["B": ["Barnard's Star"], "A": ["Alpha Centauri A", "Alpha Centauri B"], "W": ["Wolf 359"], "P": ["Proxima Centauri"]]
This comes in handy when grouping data by a specific pattern.
Reserving Capacity
Both Sequence and Dictionary now have the ability to explicitly reserve capacity.
// Improved Set/Dictionary capacity reservation
starWordsCount.capacity // 6
starWordsCount.reserveCapacity(20) // reserves at _least_ 20 elements of capacity
starWordsCount.capacity // 24
Reallocation can be an expensive task on these types. Using reserveCapacity(_:) is an easy way to improve performance when you have an idea how much data it needs to store.
That was a ton of info, so definitely check out both types and look for ways to use these additions to spice up your code.
Private Access Modifier
An element of Swift 3 some haven’t been too fond of was the addition of fileprivate. In theory, it’s great, but in practice its usage can often be confusing. The goal was to use private within the member itself, and to use fileprivate rarely in situations where you wanted to share access across members within the same file.
The issue is that Swift encourages using extensions to break code into logical groups. Extensions are considered outside of the original member declaration scope, which results in the extensive need for fileprivate.
Swift 4 realizes the original intent by sharing the same access control scope between a type and any extension on said type. This only holds true within the same source file [SE-0169]:
struct SpaceCraft {
private let warpCode: String
init(warpCode: String) {
self.warpCode = warpCode
}
}
extension SpaceCraft {
func goToWarpSpeed(warpCode: String) {
if warpCode == self.warpCode { // Error in Swift 3 unless warpCode is fileprivate
print("Do it Scotty!")
}
}
}
let enterprise = SpaceCraft(warpCode: "KirkIsCool")
//enterprise.warpCode // error: 'warpCode' is inaccessible due to 'private' protection level
enterprise.goToWarpSpeed(warpCode: "KirkIsCool") // "Do it Scotty!"
This allows you to use fileprivate for its intended purpose rather than as a bandaid to code organization.
API Additions
Now let’s take a look at the new shinny features of Swift 4. These changes shouldn’t break your existing code as they are simply additive.
Archival and Serialization
Up to this point in Swift, to serialize and archive your custom types you’d have to jump through a number of hoops. For class types you’d need to subclass NSObjectand implement the NSCoding protocol.
Value types like struct and enum required a number of hacks like creating a sub object that could extend NSObject and NSCoding.
Swift 4 solves this issue by bringing serialization to all three Swift types [SE-0166]:
struct CuriosityLog: Codable {
enum Discovery: String, Codable {
case rock, water, martian
}
var sol: Int
var discoveries: [Discovery]
}
// Create a log entry for Mars sol 42
let logSol42 = CuriosityLog(sol: 42, discoveries: [.rock, .rock, .rock, .rock])
In this example you can see that the only thing required to make a Swift type Encodable and Decodable is to implement the Codable protocol. If all properties are Codable, the protocol implementation is automatically generated by the compiler.
To actually encode the object, you’ll need to pass it to an encoder. Swift encoders are being actively implemented in Swift 4. Each encodes your objects according to different schemes [SE-0167] (Note: Part of this proposal is still in development):
let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder() // One currently available encoder
// Encode the data
let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(logSol42)
// Create a String from the data
let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8) // "{"sol":42,"discoveries":["rock","rock","rock","rock"]}"
This took an object and automatically encoded it as a JSON object. Make sure to check out the properties JSONEncoder exposes to customize its output.
The last part of the process is to decode the data back into a concrete object:
let jsonDecoder = JSONDecoder() // Pair decoder to JSONEncoder
// Attempt to decode the data to a CuriosityLog object
let decodedLog = try jsonDecoder.decode(CuriosityLog.self, from: jsonData)
decodedLog.sol // 42
decodedLog.discoveries // [rock, rock, rock, rock]
With Swift 4 encoding/decoding you get the type safety expected in Swift without relying on the overhead and limitations of @objc protocols.
Key-Value Coding
Up to this point you could hold reference to functions without invoking them because functions are closures in Swift. What you couldn’t do is hold reference to properties without actually accessing the underlying data held by the property.
A very exciting addition to Swift 4 is the ability to reference key paths on types to get/set the underlying value of an instance [SE-0161]:
struct Lightsaber {
enum Color {
case blue, green, red
}
let color: Color
}
class ForceUser {
var name: String
var lightsaber: Lightsaber
var master: ForceUser?
init(name: String, lightsaber: Lightsaber, master: ForceUser? = nil) {
self.name = name
self.lightsaber = lightsaber
self.master = master
}
}
let sidious = ForceUser(name: "Darth Sidious", lightsaber: Lightsaber(color: .red))
let obiwan = ForceUser(name: "Obi-Wan Kenobi", lightsaber: Lightsaber(color: .blue))
let anakin = ForceUser(name: "Anakin Skywalker", lightsaber: Lightsaber(color: .blue), master: obiwan)
Here you’re creating a few instances of force users by setting their name, lightsaber, and master. To create a key path, you simply use a back-slash followed by the property you’re interested in:
// Create reference to the ForceUser.name key path
let nameKeyPath = \ForceUser.name
// Access the value from key path on instance
let obiwanName = obiwan[keyPath: nameKeyPath] // "Obi-Wan Kenobi"
In this instance, you’re creating a key path for the name property of ForceUser. You then use this key path by passing it to the new subscript keyPath. This subscript is now available on every type by default.
Here are more examples of ways to use key paths to drill down to sub objects, set properties, and build off key path references:
// Use keypath directly inline and to drill down to sub objects
let anakinSaberColor = anakin[keyPath: \ForceUser.lightsaber.color] // blue
// Access a property on the object returned by key path
let masterKeyPath = \ForceUser.master
let anakinMasterName = anakin[keyPath: masterKeyPath]?.name // "Obi-Wan Kenobi"
// Change Anakin to the dark side using key path as a setter
anakin[keyPath: masterKeyPath] = sidious
anakin.master?.name // Darth Sidious
// Note: not currently working, but works in some situations
// Append a key path to an existing path
//let masterNameKeyPath = masterKeyPath.appending(path: \ForceUser.name)
//anakin[keyPath: masterKeyPath] // "Darth Sidious"
The beauty of key paths in Swift is that they are strongly typed! No more of that Objective-C string style mess!
Multi-line String Literals
A very common feature to many programming languages is the ability to create a multi-line string literal. Swift 4 adds this simple but useful syntax by wrapping text within three quotes [SE-0168]:
let star = "⭐️"
let introString = """
A long time ago in a galaxy far,
far away....
You could write multi-lined strings
without "escaping" single quotes.
The indentation of the closing quotes
below deside where the text line
begins.
You can even dynamically add values
from properties: \(star)
"""
print(introString) // prints the string exactly as written above with the value of star
This is extremely useful when building XML/JSON messages or when building long formatted text to display in your UI.
One-Sided Ranges
To reduce verbosity and improve readability, the standard library can now infer start and end indices using one-sided ranges [SE-0172].
One way this comes in handy is creating a range from an index to the start or end index of a collection:
// Collection Subscript
var planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
let outsideAsteroidBelt = planets[4...] // Before: planets[4..
let firstThree = planets[..4] // Before: planets[planets.startIndex..
As you can see, one-sided ranges reduce the need to explicitly specify either the start or end index.
Infinite Sequence
They also allow you to define an infinite Sequence when the start index is a countable type:
// Infinite range: 1...infinity
var numberedPlanets = Array(zip(1..., planets))
print(numberedPlanets) // [(1, "Mercury"), (2, "Venus"), ..., (8, "Neptune")]
planets.append("Pluto")
numberedPlanets = Array(zip(1..., planets))
print(numberedPlanets) // [(1, "Mercury"), (2, "Venus"), ..., (9, "Pluto")]
Pattern Matching
Another great use for one-sided ranges is pattern matching:
// Pattern matching
func temperature(planetNumber: Int) {
switch planetNumber {
case ...2: // anything less than or equal to 2
print("Too hot")
case 4...: // anything greater than or equal to 4
print("Too cold")
default:
print("Justtttt right")
}
}
temperature(planetNumber: 3) // Earth
Generic Subscripts
Subscripts are an important part of making data types accessible in an intuative way. To improve their usefulness, subscripts can now be generic [SE-0148]:
struct GenericDictionary {
private var data: [Key: Value]
init(data: [Key: Value]) {
self.data = data
}
subscript(key: Key) -> T? {
return data[key] as? T
}
}
In this example, the return type is generic. You can then use this generic subscript like so:
// Dictionary of type: [String: Any]
var earthData = GenericDictionary(data: ["name": "Earth", "population": 7500000000, "moons": 1])
// Automatically infers return type without "as? String"
let name: String? = earthData["name"]
// Automatically infers return type without "as? Int"
let population: Int? = earthData["population"]
Not only can the return type be generic, but the actual subscript type can be generic as well:
extension GenericDictionary {
subscriptKeys: Sequence>(keys: Keys) -> [Value] where Keys.Iterator.Element == Key {
var values: [Value] = []
for key in keys {
if let value = data[key] {
values.append(value)
}
}
return values
}
}
// Array subscript value
let nameAndMoons = earthData[["moons", "name"]] // [1, "Earth"]
// Set subscript value
let nameAndMoons2 = earthData[Set(["moons", "name"])] // [1, "Earth"]
In this example, you can see that passing in two different Sequence type (Array and Set) results in an array of their respective values.
Miscellaneous
That handles the biggest changes in Swift 4. Now let’s go a little more rapidly through some of the smaller bits and pieces.
MutableCollection.swapAt(::)
MutableCollection now has the mutating method swapAt(_:_:) which does just as it sounds; swap the values at the given indices [SE-0173]:
// Very basic bubble sort with an in-place swap
func bubbleSort(_ array: [T]) -> [T] {
var sortedArray = array
for i in 0..count - 1 {
for j in 1..count {
if sortedArray[j-1] > sortedArray[j] {
sortedArray.swapAt(j-1, j) // New MutableCollection method
}
}
}
return sortedArray
}
bubbleSort([4, 3, 2, 1, 0]) // [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
Associated Type Constraints
You can now constrain associated types using the where clause [SE-0142]:
protocol MyProtocol {
associatedtype Element
associatedtype SubSequence : Sequence where SubSequence.Iterator.Element == Iterator.Element
}
Using protocol constraints, many associatedtype declarations could constrain their values directly without having to jump through hoops.
Class and Protocol Existential
A feature that has finally made it to Swift from Objective-C is the ability to define a type that conforms to a class as well as a set of protocols [SE-0156]:
protocol MyProtocol { }
class View { }
class ViewSubclass: View, MyProtocol { }
class MyClass {
var delegate: (View & MyProtocol)?
}
let myClass = MyClass()
//myClass.delegate = View() // error: cannot assign value of type 'View' to type '(View & MyProtocol)?'
myClass.delegate = ViewSubclass()
Limiting @objc Inference
To expose or your Swift API to Objective-C, you use the @objc compiler attribute. In many cases the Swift compiler inferred this for you. The three main issues with mass inference are:
- Potential for a significant increase to your binary size
- Knowing when
@objcwill
be inferred isn’t obvious
- The increased chance of inadvertently creating an Objective-C selector collisions.
Swift 4 takes a stab at solving this by limiting the inference of @objc [SE-0160]. This means that you’ll need to use @objc explicitly in situations where you want the full dynamic dispatch capabilities of Objective-C.
A few examples of where you’ll need to make these changes include private methods, dynamic declarations, and any methods of NSObject subclasses.
NSNumber Bridging
There have been many funky behaviors between NSNumber and Swift numbers that have been haunting the language for too long. Lucky for us, Swift 4 squashes those bugs [SE-0170].
Here’s an example demonstrating an example of the behavior:
let n = NSNumber(value: 999)
let v = n as? UInt8 // Swift 4: nil, Swift 3: 231
The weird behavior in Swift 3 shows that if the number overflows, it simply starts over from 0. In this example, 999 % 2^8 = 231.
Swift 4 solves the issue by forcing optional casting to return a value only if the number can be safely expressed within the containing type.
Swift Package Manager
There’s been a number of updates to the Swift Package Manager over the last few months. Some of the biggest changes include:
- Sourcing dependencies from a branch or commit hash
- More control of acceptable package versions
- Replaces unintuitive pinning commands with a more common resolve pattern
- Ability to define the Swift version used for compilation
- Specify the location of source files for each target
These are all big steps towards getting SPM where it needs to be. There’s still a long road ahead for the SPM, but it’s one that we can all help shape by staying active on the proposals.
For a great overview of what proposals have been recently addressed check out the Swift 4 Package Manager Update.
Still In Progress
At the time of writing this article, there are still 15 accepted proposals in the queue. If you want a sneak peak on what’s coming down the line, check out the Swift Evolution Proposals and filter by Accepted.
Rather than walking through them all now, we’ll keep this post updated with each new beta version of Xcode 9 .
转者云:
1.Strings变成collections, 多了些封装, 少了些真意
2.Dictionary默认值, 对于这个 ?? 这个符号有知道这事吗
3.Dictionary的Capacity 终于等到了这个接口
4.Private Access我不发表意见 只唱歌:当初是你要分开, 分开就分开, 如今你又要把我哄回来…
5.Codable又挣脱一个oc的枷锁
6.kvc可以再牛逼点,我看好你
7.Multi-line String据我所知,你是唯一这么搞的, 不过看起来不错
8.One-Sided Ranges终于可以少敲几次键盘了
9.Generic Subscripts这功能早该上了
10.Class and Protocol Existential这个功能应该会被玩儿坏 感觉不太好